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 ENERGY_PERFORMANCE_ASSESSMENT_FOR_EQUIPMENT_AND UTILITY SYSTEMS (Chapter 4:Energy Performance Assessment of Heat Exchangers) Introduction Heat exchangers are equipment that transfers heat from one medium to another. Shell and tube heat exchangers are used extensively through out the process and power industry and as such a basic understanding of their design, construction and performance is important to the practicing engineer. The proper design, operation and maintenance of heat exchangers will make the process energy efficient and minimize energy losses. Purpose of the Performance Test Heat exchanger performance can deteriorate with time, off design operations and other interferences such as fouling, scaling, corrosion etc. It is necessary to assess periodically the heat exchanger performance in order to maintain them at a high efficiency level. This section comprises certain proven techniques of monitoring the performance of heat exchangers, coolers and condensers from observed ope

  ENERGY_PERFORMANCE_ASSESSMENT_FOR_EQUIPMENT_AND UTILITY SYSTEMS (Chapter 3:Energy Performance Assessment of Cogeneration Systems  With Steam & Gas turbine) Introduction Cogeneration systems can be broadly classified as those using steam turbines, Gas turbines and DG sets. Steam turbine cogeneration systems involve different types of configurations with respect to mode of  power generation such as extraction, back pressure or a combination of backpressure, extraction and condensing. Gas turbine with heat recovery steam generators is another mode of cogeneration. Depending on power and steam load variations in the plant the entire system is dynamic. A performance assessment would yield valuable insights into cogeneration system performance and need for further optimization. Purpose of the Performance Test The purpose of the cogeneration plant performance test is to determine the power output and plant heat rate. In certain cases, the efficiency of individual components like steam t

  ENERGY_PERFORMANCE_ASSESSMENT_FOR_EQUIPMENT_AND UTILITY  SYSTEMS (Chapter 2:ENERGY PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF FURNACES) Industrial Heating Furnaces A heating furnace is by definition a device for heating materials and therefore a user of energy. Heating furnaces can be divided into batch-type (Job at stationary position) and continuous type (large volume of work output at regular intervals). The types of batch furnace include box, bogie, cover, etc. For mass production, continuous furnaces are used in general. The types of continuous furnaces include pusher-type furnace (Figure 2.1), walking hearth-type furnace, rotary hearth and walking beam-type furnace. (Figure 2.2) The primary energy required for reheating / heat treatment (say annealing) furnaces are in the form of Furnace oil, LSHS, LDO or electricity Purpose of the Performance Test * To make a heat balance of the furnace *To find out the efficiency of the furnace * To find out the specific energy consumption The purpose of the