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Energy efficiency in Thermal utilities Chapter 6: FBC Boiler Introduction The major portion of the coal available in India is of low quality, high ash content and low calorific value. The traditional grate fuel firing systems have got limitations and are techno-economically unviable to meet the challenges of future. Fluidized bed combustion has emerged as a viable alternative and has significant advantages over conventional firing system and offers multiple benefits — compact boiler design, fuel flexibility, higher combustion efficiency and reduced emission of noxious pollutants such as SOx and NOx. The fuels burnt in these boilers include coal, washery rejects, rice husk, bagasse & other agricultural wastes. The fluidized bed boilers have a wide capacity range- 0.5 T/hr. to over 100 T/hr.  Mechanism of Fluidized Bed Combustion  Primary Air  The primary air is the air supplied to a combustion system that makes first contact with fuel. The primary air ensures instant combus

Energy efficiency in Thermal utilities Chapter 5: Insulation & Refractories 5.1 Purpose of Insulation   A thermal insulator is a poor conductor of heat and has a low thermal conductivity. Insulation is used in buildings and in manufacturing processes to prevent heat loss or heat gain. Although its primary purpose is an economic one, it also provides more accurate control of process temperatures and protection of personnel. It prevents condensation on cold surfaces and the resulting corrosion. Such materials are porous, containing large number of dormant air cells. Thermal insulation delivers the following benefits: 1.Reduces over-all energy consumption  2. Offers better process control by maintaining process temperature.  3. Prevents corrosion by keeping the exposed surface of a refrigerated system above dew point   4. Provides fire protection to equipment   5. Absorbs vibration   5.2. Types and Application  The Insulation can be classified into three groups according to the